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<title>OpenAI o1</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">OpenAI o1</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">o1</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">December 5, 2024<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-12-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">OpenAI o3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_learning" title="Multimodal learning">Multimodal</a></li>

<li><a href="Reasoning_language_model" title="Reasoning language model">Reasoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/o1/">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>OpenAI o1</b> is a <a href="Reflection_(artificial_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (artificial intelligence)">reflective</a> <a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> (GPT). A preview of o1 was released by <a href="OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> on September 12, 2024. o1 spends time "thinking" before it answers, making it better at complex reasoning tasks, science and programming than <a href="GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesInfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesInfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full version was released to <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> users on December 5, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

<p>According to leaked information, o1 was formerly known within <a href="OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> as "Q*", and later as "Strawberry".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The codename "Q*" first surfaced in November 2023, around the time of <a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>'s <a href="Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">ousting and subsequent reinstatement</a>, with rumors suggesting that this experimental model had shown promising results on mathematical benchmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that OpenAI was developing a <a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> known as "Strawberry",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later became o1.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release">Release</h3></div>

<p>"o1-preview" and "o1-mini" were released on September 12, 2024, for ChatGPT Plus and Team users.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesInfo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesInfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> started testing the integration of o1-preview in its <a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">Copilot</a> service the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 5, 2024, the full version of o1 was released.<sup id="cite_ref-release_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, a subscription called ChatGPT Pro was released, featuring access to a pro version of o1 that uses more compute to provide better answers.<sup id="cite_ref-release_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2025, o1 was integrated into <a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>o1-preview's <a href="API" title="API">API</a> is several times more expensive than <a href="GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2025, API usage for the full o1 model is limited to developers on usage tier 5.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>OpenAI noted that o1 is the first of a series of "reasoning" models. OpenAI shared in December 2024 benchmark results for its successor, <a href="OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a> (the name o2 was skipped to avoid trademark conflict with the mobile carrier brand named <a href="O2_(brand)" title="O2 (brand)">O2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In March 2025, OpenAI released the o1-pro API, its most expensive AI model to date. The pricing is set at $150 per 1 million input tokens and $600 per 1 million output tokens.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2></div>

<p>According to OpenAI, o1 has been trained using a new optimization algorithm and a dataset specifically tailored to it; while also meshing in <a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> into its training.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI described o1 as a complement to GPT-4o rather than a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>o1 spends additional time thinking (generating a chain of thought) before generating an answer, which makes it better for complex reasoning tasks, particularly in science and <a href="Maths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maths">mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesInfo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesInfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to previous models, o1 has been trained to generate long "<a href="Prompt_engineering#Chain-of-thought" title="Prompt engineering">chains of thought</a>" before returning a final answer.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a>, this ability to think before responding represents a new, additional paradigm, which is improving model outputs by spending more computing power when generating the answer, whereas the model scaling paradigm improves outputs by increasing the model size, training data and training compute power.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI's test results suggest a correlation between accuracy and the logarithm of the amount of compute spent thinking before answering.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>o1-preview performed approximately at a <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> level on benchmark tests related to physics, chemistry, and biology. On the <a href="American_Invitational_Mathematics_Examination" title="American Invitational Mathematics Examination">American Invitational Mathematics Examination</a>, it solved 83% (12.5/15) of the problems, compared to 13% (1.8/15) for GPT-4o. It also ranked in the 89th percentile in <a href="Codeforces" title="Codeforces">Codeforces</a> coding competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o1-mini is faster and 80% cheaper than o1-preview. It is particularly suitable for programming and <a href="STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a>-related tasks, but does not have the same "broad world knowledge" as o1-preview.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>OpenAI noted that o1's reasoning capabilities make it better at adhering to safety rules provided in the prompt's context window. OpenAI reported that during a test, one instance of o1-preview exploited a misconfiguration to succeed at a task that should have been infeasible due to a bug.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI also granted early access to the UK and US <a href="AI_Safety_Institute" title="AI Safety Institute">AI Safety Institutes</a> for research, evaluation, and testing. According to OpenAI's assessments, o1-preview and o1-mini crossed into "medium risk" in CBRN (biological, chemical, radiological, and nuclear) weapons. <a href="Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a> wrote that "The model already outperforms PhD scientists most of the time on answering questions related to <a href="Bioweapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioweapon">bioweapons</a>." He suggested that these concerning capabilities will continue to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div>

<p>o1 usually requires more computing time and power than other GPT models by OpenAI, because it generates long chains of thought before making the final response.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to OpenAI, o1 may "fake <a href="AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment</a>", that is, generate a response that is contrary to accuracy and its own chain of thought, in about 0.38% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>OpenAI forbids users from trying to reveal o1's chain of thought, which is hidden by design and not trained to comply with the company's policies. Prompts are monitored, and users who intentionally or accidentally violate this may lose their access to o1. OpenAI cites AI safety and competitive advantage as reasons for the restriction, which has been described as a loss of transparency by developers who work with <a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> (LLMs).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In October 2024, researchers at <a href="Apple_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple (company)">Apple</a> submitted a <a href="Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> reporting that LLMs such as o1 may be replicating reasoning steps from the models' own training data.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By changing the numbers and names used in a math problem or simply running the same problem again, LLMs would perform somewhat worse than their best benchmark results. Adding extraneous but logically inconsequential information to the problems caused a much greater drop in performance, from −17.5% for o1-preview and −29.1% for o1-mini, to −65.7% for the worst model tested.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Safety evaluations from Apollo Research found that o1 was more consistently able to deceive than other <a href="Frontier_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier model">frontier models</a> in controlled tests (e.g. attempting to copy itself to an external server when threatened with shutdown). When confronted, it relatively rarely admitted deceptive action (in 20% of test cases).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_large_language_models" title="List of large language models">List of large language models</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobison2024" class="citation web cs1">Robison, Kylie (September 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/12/24242439/openai-o1-model-reasoning-strawberry-chatgpt">"OpenAI releases o1, its first model with 'reasoning' abilities"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/index/o1-and-new-tools-for-developers/">"OpenAI o1 and new tools for developers"</a>. <i>openai.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-confirms-new-frontier-models-o3-and-o3-mini/">"OpenAI confirms new frontier models o3 and o3-mini"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. December 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWiggers2025" class="citation web cs1">Wiggers, Kyle (March 19, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/19/openais-o1-pro-is-its-most-expensive-model-yet/">"OpenAI's o1-pro is the company's most expensive AI model yet"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation magazine cs1">Knight, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/openai-o1-strawberry-problem-reasoning/">"OpenAI Announces a New AI Model, Code-Named Strawberry, That Solves Difficult Problems Step by Step"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.openai.com/t/new-reasoning-models-openai-o1-preview-and-o1-mini/938081">"New reasoning models: OpenAI o1-preview and o1-mini"</a>. <i>OpenAI Developer Forum</i>. September 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240912185410/https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/">"Learning to Reason with LLMs"</a>. <i>OpenAI</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/">the original</a> on September 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKahn" class="citation web cs1">Kahn, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2024/09/13/openai-o1-strawberry-model-9-things-you-need-know/">"Here are 9 things you need to know about OpenAI's o1 model"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFranzen2024" class="citation web cs1">Franzen, Carl (September 12, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/forget-gpt-5-openai-launches-new-ai-model-family-o1-claiming-phd-level-performance/">"Forget GPT-5! OpenAI launches new AI model family o1 claiming PhD-level performance"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/">"OpenAI o1-mini"</a>. <i>OpenAI</i>. September 12, 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoombes2024" class="citation web cs1">Coombes, Lloyd (September 13, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/chatgpt/openais-new-chatgpt-o1-model-cheated-on-an-impossible-test-heres-what-happened">"OpenAI's new ChatGPT o1 model 'cheated' on an impossible test — here's what happened"</a>. <i>Tom's Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.openai.com/o1-system-card.pdf">"OpenAI o1 System Card"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OpenAI</i>. September 12, 2024. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoran2024" class="citation web cs1">Boran, Marie (September 13, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/openai-advanced-gpt-model-potential-risks-need-regulation-experts-1953311">"OpenAI o1 model warning issued by scientist: "Particularly dangerous""</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobison2024" class="citation news cs1">Robison, Kylie (September 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/17/24243884/openai-o1-model-research-safety-alignment">"OpenAI's new model is better at reasoning and, occasionally, deceiving"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2024" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Benj (September 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/09/openai-threatens-bans-for-probing-new-ai-models-reasoning-process/">"Ban warnings fly as users dare to probe the "thoughts" of OpenAI's latest model"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMirzadehAlizadehShahrokhiTuzel2024" class="citation arxiv cs1">Mirzadeh, Iman; Alizadeh, Keivan; Shahrokhi, Hooman; Tuzel, Oncel; Bengio, Samy; Farajtabar, Mehrdad (2024). "GSM-Symbolic: Understanding the Limitations of Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Models". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05229">2410.05229</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG">cs.LG</a>].</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOrland2024" class="citation web cs1">Orland, Kyle (October 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/ai/2024/10/llms-cant-perform-genuine-logical-reasoning-apple-researchers-suggest/">"Apple study exposes deep cracks in LLMs' "reasoning" capabilities"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2024" class="citation web cs1">Pillay, Tharin (December 15, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/7202312/new-tests-reveal-ai-capacity-for-deception/">"New Tests Reveal AI's Capacity for Deception"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/o1/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="OpenAI198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI" title="Products and applications of OpenAI">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li>

<li><a href="GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT_Search" title="ChatGPT Search">ChatGPT Search</a></li>

<li><a href="Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation<br>models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent<br>agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of<br>directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_D'Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Zico_Kolter" title="Zico Kolter">Zico Kolter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li>

<li><a href="Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li>

<li><a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li>

<li><i><a href="AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></i></li>

<li><a href="AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li>

<li><a href="LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)426" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)426" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li>

<li><a href="Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a>

<li><a href="Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li>

<li><a href="Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li>

<li><a href="Training%2C_validation%2C_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li>

<li><a href="State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li>

<li><a href="Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li>

<li><a href="Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_(artificial_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (artificial intelligence)">Reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibe_coding" title="Vibe coding">Vibe coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li>

<li><a href="Reasoning_language_model" title="Reasoning language model">Reasoning language model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_Context_Protocol" title="Model Context Protocol">Model Context Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_human_companion" title="Artificial human companion">Artificial human companion</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanity's_Last_Exam" title="Humanity's Last Exam">Humanity's Last Exam</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence (AGI)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a>

<li><a href="ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li>

<li><a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li>

<li><a href="Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li>

<li><a href="Recraft" title="Recraft">Recraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_(company)#Services_and_technologies" title="Runway (company)">Runway Gen</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li>

<li><a href="Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li>

<li><a href="BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li>

<li><a href="Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li>

<li><a href="MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li>

<li><a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shun'ichi_Amari" title="Shun'ichi Amari">Shun'ichi Amari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunihiko_Fukushima" title="Kunihiko Fukushima">Kunihiko Fukushima</a></li>

<li><a href="Takeo_Kanade" title="Takeo Kanade">Takeo Kanade</a></li>

<li><a href="Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li>

<li><a href="John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li>

<li><a href="Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li>

<li><a href="Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li>

<li><a href="Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li>

<li><a href="Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Goodnight" title="James Goodnight">James Goodnight</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li>

<li><a href="Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashish_Vaswani" title="Ashish Vaswani">Ashish Vaswani</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Shazeer" title="Noam Shazeer">Noam Shazeer</a></li>

<li><a href="Aidan_Gomez" title="Aidan Gomez">Aidan Gomez</a></li>

<li><a href="Mustafa_Suleyman" title="Mustafa Suleyman">Mustafa Suleyman</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Chollet" title="François Chollet">François Chollet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li>

<li><a href="Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generative_AI286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Generative_AI286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">Fine-tuning</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation model</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_Context_Protocol" title="Model Context Protocol">Model Context Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li>

<li><a href="Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">Retrieval-augmented generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Stochastic_parrot" title="Stochastic parrot">Stochastic parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_data" title="Synthetic data">Synthetic data</a></li>

<li><a href="Top-p_sampling" title="Top-p sampling">Top-p sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibe_coding" title="Vibe coding">Vibe coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Waluigi_effect" title="Waluigi effect">Waluigi effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Character.ai" title="Character.ai">Character.ai</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernie_Bot" title="Ernie Bot">Ernie</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Tencent#Research" title="Tencent">Hunyuan Turbo S</a></li>

<li><a href="Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Technology" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax-M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI#Magistral_Small_and_Magistral_Medium" title="Mistral AI">Magistral Medium</a></li>

<li><a href="01.AI#Yi" title="01.AI">Yi-Lightning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(code_editor)" title="Cursor (code editor)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Devstral</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen3-Coder</a></li>

<li><a href="Replit" title="Replit">Replit</a></li>

<li><a href="Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li>

<li><a href="GPT-4o#GPT_Image_1" title="GPT-4o">GPT Image 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li>

<li><a href="Canva#Acquisitions" title="Canva">Leonardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li>

<li><a href="Recraft" title="Recraft">Recraft</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">Seedream</a></li>

<li><a href="Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li>

<li><a href="Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_(company)#Services_and_technologies" title="Runway (company)">Runway Gen</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">Seedance</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speech_synthesis#Text-to-speech_systems" title="Speech synthesis">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ElevenLabs#Products" title="ElevenLabs">Eleven</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Technology" title="MiniMax (company)">Speech-02</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endel_(app)" title="Endel (app)">Endel</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind#Music_generation" title="Google DeepMind">Lyria</a></li>

<li><a href="Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salesforce#Artificial_intelligence" title="Salesforce">Agentforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhipu_AI#AutoGLM" title="Zhipu AI">AutoGLM</a></li>

<li><a href="AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Devin_AI" title="Devin AI">Devin AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Manus_(AI_agent)" title="Manus (AI agent)">Manus</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Replit" title="Replit">Replit Agent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aleph_Alpha" title="Aleph Alpha">Aleph Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li>

<li><a href="Baichuan" title="Baichuan">Baichuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Canva" title="Canva">Canva</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognition_AI" title="Cognition AI">Cognition AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Cohere" title="Cohere">Cohere</a></li>

<li><a href="Contextual_AI" title="Contextual AI">Contextual AI</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li>

<li><a href="ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li>

<li><a href="HeyGen" title="HeyGen">HeyGen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflection_AI" title="Inflection AI">Inflection AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Krikey_AI" title="Krikey AI">Krikey AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonshot_AI" title="Moonshot AI">Moonshot AI</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li>

<li><a href="Perplexity_AI" title="Perplexity AI">Perplexity AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_Superintelligence_Inc." title="Safe Superintelligence Inc.">Safe Superintelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Scale_AI" title="Scale AI">Scale AI</a></li>

<li><a href="SoundHound" title="SoundHound">SoundHound</a></li>

<li><a href="Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthesia_(company)" title="Synthesia (company)">Synthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Thinking_Machines_Lab" title="Thinking Machines Lab">Thinking Machines Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhipu_AI" title="Zhipu AI">Zhipu AI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=OpenAI_o1&oldid=1303910084">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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